RESTORE(8) MachTen Programmer’s Manual RESTORE(8)

NAME
restore - incremental file system restore

SYNOPSIS
restore key [ name ... ]

DESCRIPTION
Restore reads tapes dumped with the dump(8) command. Its
actions are controlled by the key argument. The key is a
string of characters containing at most one function let-
ter and possibly one or more function modifiers. Other
arguments to the command are file or directory names spec-
ifying the files that are to be restored. Unless the h
key is specified (see below), the appearance of a direc-
tory name refers to the files and (recursively) subdirec-
tories of that directory.

The function portion of the key is specified by one of the
following letters:

r The tape is read and loaded into the current direc-
tory. This should not be done lightly; the r key
should only be used to restore a complete dump tape
onto a clear file system or to restore an incremental
dump tape after a full level zero restore. Thus

newfs /dev/rrp0g eagle
mount /dev/rp0g /mnt
cd /mnt
restore r

is a typical sequence to restore a complete dump.
Another restore can be done to get an incremental
dump in on top of this. Note that restore leaves a
file restoresymtable in the root directory to pass
information between incremental restore passes. This
file should be removed when the last incremental tape
has been restored.
A dump(8) followed by a newfs(8) and a restore is
used to change the size of a file system.

R Restore requests a particular tape of a multi volume
set on which to restart a full restore (see the r key
above). This allows restore to be interrupted and
then restarted.

x The named files are extracted from the tape. If the
named file matches a directory whose contents had
been written onto the tape, and the h key is not
specified, the directory is recursively extracted.
The owner, modification time, and mode are restored
(if possible). If no file argument is given, then
the root directory is extracted, which results in the
entire content of the tape being extracted, unless
the h key has been specified.

t The names of the specified files are listed if they
occur on the tape. If no file argument is given,
then the root directory is listed, which results in
the entire content of the tape being listed, unless
the h key has been specified. Note that the t key
replaces the function of the old dumpdir program.

i This mode allows interactive restoration of files
from a dump tape. After reading in the directory
information from the tape, restore provides a shell
like interface that allows the user to move around
the directory tree selecting files to be extracted.
The available commands are given below; for those
commands that require an argument, the default is the
current directory.

ls [arg] - List the current or specified directory.
Entries that are directories are appended with a
‘‘/’’. Entries that have been marked for
extraction are prepended with a ‘‘*’’. If the
verbose key is set the inode number of each
entry is also listed.

cd arg - Change the current working directory to the
specified argument.

pwd - Print the full pathname of the current working
directory.

add [arg] - The current directory or specified argu-
ment is added to the list of files to be
extracted. If a directory is specified, then it
and all its descendents are added to the extrac-
tion list (unless the h key is specified on the
command line). Files that are on the extraction
list are prepended with a ‘‘*’’ when they are
listed by ls.

delete [arg] - The current directory or specified
argument is deleted from the list of files to be
extracted. If a directory is specified, then it
and all its descendents are deleted from the
extraction list (unless the h key is specified
on the command line). The most expedient way to
extract most of the files from a directory is to
add the directory to the extraction list and
then delete those files that are not needed.

extract - All the files that are on the extraction
list are extracted from the dump tape. Restore
will ask which volume the user wishes to mount.
The fastest way to extract a few files is to
start with the last volume, and work towards the
first volume.

setmodes - All the directories that have been added
to the extraction list have their owner, modes,
and times set; nothing is extracted from the
tape. This is useful for cleaning up after a
restore has been prematurely aborted.

verbose - The sense of the v key is toggled. When
set, the verbose key causes the ls command to
list the inode numbers of all entries. It also
causes restore to print out information about
each file as it is extracted.

help - List a summary of the available commands.

quit - Restore immediately exits, even if the extrac-
tion list is not empty.

The following characters may be used in addition to the
letter that selects the function desired.

b The next argument to restore is used as the block
size of the tape (in kilobytes). If the -b option is
not specified, restore tries to determine the tape
block size dynamically.

f The next argument to restore is used as the name of
the archive instead of /dev/rmt?. If the name of the
file is ‘‘-’’, restore reads from standard input.
Thus, dump(8) and restore can be used in a pipeline
to dump and restore a file system with the command

dump 0f - /usr | (cd /mnt; restore xf -)

v Normally restore does its work silently. The v (ver-
bose) key causes it to type the name of each file it
treats preceded by its file type.

y Restore will not ask whether it should abort the
restore if gets a tape error. It will always try to
skip over the bad tape block(s) and continue as best
it can.

m Restore will extract by inode numbers rather than by
file name. This is useful if only a few files are
being extracted, and one wants to avoid regenerating
the complete pathname to the file.

h Restore extracts the actual directory, rather than
the files that it references. This prevents hierar-
chical restoration of complete subtrees from the
tape.

s The next argument to restore is a number which
selects the file on a multi-file dump tape. File
numbering starts at 1.

DIAGNOSTICS
Complaints about bad key characters.

Complaints if it gets a read error. If y has been speci-
fied, or the user responds ‘‘y’’, restore will attempt to
continue the restore.

If the dump extends over more than one tape, restore will
ask the user to change tapes. If the x or i key has been
specified, restore will also ask which volume the user
wishes to mount. The fastest way to extract a few files
is to start with the last volume, and work towards the
first volume.

There are numerous consistency checks that can be listed
by restore. Most checks are self-explanatory or can
‘‘never happen’’. Common errors are given below.

Converting to new file system format.
A dump tape created from the old file system has been
loaded. It is automatically converted to the new
file system format.

<filename>: not found on tape
The specified file name was listed in the tape direc-
tory, but was not found on the tape. This is caused
by tape read errors while looking for the file, and
from using a dump tape created on an active file sys-
tem.

expected next file <inumber>, got <inumber>
A file that was not listed in the directory showed
up. This can occur when using a dump tape created on
an active file system.

Incremental tape too low
When doing incremental restore, a tape that was writ-
ten before the previous incremental tape, or that has
too low an incremental level has been loaded.

Incremental tape too high
When doing incremental restore, a tape that does not
begin its coverage where the previous incremental
tape left off, or that has too high an incremental
level has been loaded.

Tape read error while restoring <filename>
Tape read error while skipping over inode <inumber>
Tape read error while trying to resynchronize
A tape read error has occurred. If a file name is
specified, then its contents are probably partially
wrong. If an inode is being skipped or the tape is
trying to resynchronize, then no extracted files have
been corrupted, though files may not be found on the
tape.

resync restore, skipped <num> blocks
After a tape read error, restore may have to resyn-
chronize itself. This message lists the number of
blocks that were skipped over.

FILES
/dev/rmt? the default tape drive
/tmp/rstdir* file containing directories on the tape.
/tmp/rstmode* owner, mode, and time stamps for directo-
ries.
./restoresymtable information passed between incremental
restores.

SEE ALSO
rrestore(8C) dump(8), newfs(8), mount(8), mkfs(8)

BUGS
Restore can get confused when doing incremental restores
from dump tapes that were made on active file systems.

A level zero dump must be done after a full restore.
Because restore runs in user code, it has no control over
inode allocation; thus a full restore must be done to get
a new set of directories reflecting the new inode number-
ing, even though the contents of the files is unchanged.

MachTen June 24, 1990 4