SIGACTION(2) MachTen Programmer’s Manual SIGACTION(2)

NAME
sigaction - software signal facilities

SYNOPSIS
#include <signal.h>
struct sigaction {
void (*sa_handler)();
sigset_t sa_mask;
int sa_flags;
};

sigaction(int sig, struct sigaction *act, struct sigaction *oact)

DESCRIPTION
The system defines a set of signals that may be delivered to a process.
Signal delivery resembles the occurrence of a hardware interrupt: the
signal is blocked from further occurrence, the current process context is
saved, and a new one is built. A process may specify a handler to which
a signal is delivered, or specify that a signal is to be ignored. A pro-
cess may also specify that a default action is to be taken by the system
when a signal occurs. A signal may also be blocked, in which case its
delivery is postponed until it is unblocked. The action to be taken on
delivery is determined at the time of delivery. Normally, signal han-
dlers execute on the current stack of the process. This may be changed,
on a per-handler basis, so that signals are taken on a special signal
stack.

Signal routines execute with the signal that caused their invocation
blocked, but other signals may yet occur. A global signal mask defines
the set of signals currently blocked from delivery to a process. The
signal mask for a process is initialized from that of its parent (normal-
ly empty). It may be changed with a sigprocmask(2) call, or when a sig-
nal is delivered to the process.

When a signal condition arises for a process, the signal is added to a
set of signals pending for the process. If the signal is not currently
blocked by the process then it is delivered to the process. Signals may
be delivered any time a process enters the operating system (e.g., during
a system call, page fault or trap, or clock interrupt). If multiple sig-
nals are ready to be delivered at the same time, any signals that could
be caused by traps are delivered first. Additional signals may be pro-
cessed at the same time, with each appearing to interrupt the handlers
for the previous signals before their first instructions. The set of
pending signals is returned by the sigpending(2) function. When a caught
signal is delivered, the current state of the process is saved, a new
signal mask is calculated (as described below), and the signal handler is
invoked. The call to the handler is arranged so that if the signal han-
dling routine returns normally the process will resume execution in the
context from before the signal’s delivery. If the process wishes to re-
sume in a different context, then it must arrange to restore the previous
context itself.

When a signal is delivered to a process a new signal mask is installed
for the duration of the process’ signal handler (or until a sigprocmask
call is made). This mask is formed by taking the union of the current
signal mask set, the signal to be delivered, and the signal mask associ-
ated with the handler to be invoked.

Sigaction() assigns an action for a specific signal. If act is non-zero,
it specifies an action (SIG_DFL, SIG_IGN, or a handler routine) and mask
to be used when delivering the specified signal. If oact is non-zero,
the previous handling information for the signal is returned to the user.

Once a signal handler is installed, it remains installed until another
sigaction() call is made, or an execve(2) is performed. A signal-
specific default action may be reset by setting sa_handler to SIG_DFL.
The defaults are process termination, possibly with core dump; no action;
stopping the process; or continuing the process. See the signal list be-
low for each signal’s default action. If sa_handler is SIG_DFL, the de-
fault action for the signal is to discard the signal, and if a signal is
pending, the pending signal is discarded even if the signal is masked.
If sa_handler is set to SIG_IGN current and pending instances of the sig-
nal are ignored and discarded.

Options may be specified by setting sa_flags. If the SA_NOCLDSTOP bit is
set when installing a catching function for the SIGCHLD signal, the
SIGCHLD signal will be generated only when a child process exits, not
when a child process stops. Further, if the SA_ONSTACK bit is set in
sa_flags, the system will deliver the signal to the process on a signal
stack, specified with sigstack(2).

If a signal is caught during the system calls listed below, the call may
be forced to terminate with the error EINTR, the call may return with a
data transfer shorter than requested, or the call may be restarted.
Restart of pending calls is requested by setting the SA_RESTART bit in
sa_flags. The affected system calls include open(2), read(2), write(2),
sendto(2), recvfrom(2), sendmsg(2) and recvmsg(2) on a communications
channel or a slow device (such as a terminal, but not a regular file) and
during a wait(2) or ioctl(2). However, calls that have already committed
are not restarted, but instead return a partial success (for example, a
short read count).

After a fork(2) or vfork(2) all signals, the signal mask, the signal
stack, and the restart/interrupt flags are inherited by the child.

Execve(2) reinstates the default action for all signals which were caught
and resets all signals to be caught on the user stack. Ignored signals
remain ignored; the signal mask remains the same; signals that restart
pending system calls continue to do so.

The following is a list of all signals with names as in the include file
<signal.h>:

NAME Default Action Description
SIGHUP terminate process terminal line hangup
SIGINT terminate process interrupt program
SIGQUIT create core image quit program
SIGILL create core image illegal instruction
SIGTRAP create core image trace trap
SIGABRT create core image abort(2) call (formerly SIGIOT)
SIGEMT create core image emulate instruction executed
SIGFPE create core image floating-point exception
SIGKILL terminate process kill program
SIGBUS create core image bus error
SIGSEGV create core image segmentation violation
SIGSYS create core image system call given invalid
argument
SIGPIPE terminate process write on a pipe with no reader
SIGALRM terminate process real-time timer expired
SIGTERM terminate process software termination signal
SIGURG discard signal urgent condition present on
socket
SIGSTOP stop process stop (cannot be caught or
ignored)
SIGTSTP stop process stop signal generated from
keyboard

SIGCONT discard signal continue after stop
SIGCHLD discard signal child status has changed
SIGTTIN stop process background read attempted from
control terminal
SIGTTOU stop process background write attempted to
control terminal
SIGIO discard signal I/O is possible on a descriptor
(see fcntl(2))
SIGXCPU terminate process cpu time limit exceeded (see
setrlimit(2))
SIGXFSZ terminate process file size limit exceeded (see
setrlimit(2))
SIGVTALRM terminate process virtual time alarm (see
setitimer(2))
SIGPROF terminate process profiling timer alarm (see
setitimer(2))
SIGWINCH discard signal Window size change
SIGINFO discard signal status request from keyboard
SIGUSR1 terminate process User defined signal 1
SIGUSR2 terminate process User defined signal 2

NOTE
The mask specified in act is not allowed to block SIGKILL or SIGSTOP.
This is done silently by the system.

RETURN VALUES
A 0 value indicated that the call succeeded. A -1 return value indicates
an error occurred and errno is set to indicated the reason.

EXAMPLE
The handler routine can be declared:

void handler(sig, code, scp)
int sig, code;
struct sigcontext *scp;

Here sig is the signal number, into which the hardware faults and traps
are mapped. Code is a parameter that is either a constant or the code
provided by the hardware. Scp is a pointer to the sigcontext structure
(defined in <signal.h>), used to restore the context from before the sig-
nal.

ERRORS
Sigaction() will fail and no new signal handler will be installed if one
of the following occurs:

[EFAULT] Either act or oact points to memory that is not a valid
part of the process address space.

[EINVAL] Sig is not a valid signal number.

[EINVAL] An attempt is made to ignore or supply a handler for
SIGKILL or SIGSTOP.

STANDARDS
The sigaction function is defined by IEEE Std1003.1-1988 (‘‘POSIX’’). The
SA_ONSTACK and SA_RESTART flags are Berkeley extensions, as are the sig-
nals, SIGTRAP, SIGEMT, SIGBUS, SIGSYS, SIGURG, SIGIO, SIGXCPU, SIGXFSZ,
SIGVTALRM, SIGPROF, SIGWINCH, and SIGINFO. Those signals are available on
most BSD-derived systems.

SEE ALSO
kill(1), ptrace(2), kill(2), sigaction(2), sigprocmask(2),
sigsuspend(2), sigblock(2), sigsetmask(2), sigpause(2), sigstack(2),
sigvec(2), setjmp(3), siginterrupt(3), sigsetops(3), tty(4)

4.4BSD April 3, 1994 3