NAME
co - check out RCS revisions

SYNOPSIS
co [ options ] file ...

DESCRIPTION
Co retrieves a revision from each RCS file and stores it into the
corresponding working file. Each file name ending in ‘,v’ is taken
to be an RCS file; all other files are assumed to be working files.
If only a working file is given, co tries to find the corresponding
RCS file in the directory ./RCS and then in the current directory.
For more details, see the file naming section below.

Revisions of an RCS file may be checked out locked or unlocked.
Locking a revision prevents overlapping updates. A revision checked
out for reading or processing (e.g., compiling) need not be locked.
A revision checked out for editing and later checkin must normally
be locked. Co with locking fails if the revision to be checked out
is currently locked by another user. (A lock may be broken with
the rcs(1) command.) Co with locking also requires the caller to be
on the access list of the RCS file, unless he is the owner of the
file or the superuser, or the access list is empty. Co without
locking is not subject to accesslist restrictions, and is not
affected by the presence of locks.

A revision is selected by options for revision or branch number,
checkin date/time, author, or state. When the selection options
are applied in combination, co retrieves the latest revision that
satisfies all of them. If none of the selection options is
specified, co retrieves the latest revision on the default branch
(normally the trunk, see the -b option of rcs(1)). A revision or
branch number may be attached to any of the options -f, -l, -p, -q,
-r, or -u. The options -d (date), -s (state), and -w (author)
retrieve from a single branch, the selected branch, which is either
specified by one of -f,..., -u, or the default branch.

A co command applied to an RCS file with no revisions creates a
zero-length working file. Co always performs keyword substitution
(see below).

-r[rev] retrieves the latest revision whose number is less than
or equal to rev. If rev indicates a branch rather than
a revision, the latest revision on that branch is
retrieved. If rev is omitted, the latest revision on
the default branch (see the -b option of rcs(1)) is
retrieved. Rev is composed of one or more numeric or
symbolic fields separated by ‘.’. The numeric equivalent
of a symbolic field is specified with the -n option of
the commands ci(1) and rcs(1).

-l[rev] same as -r, except that it also locks the retrieved
revision for the caller. See option -r for handling of
the revision number rev .

-u[rev] same as -r, except that it unlocks the retrieved
revision (if it was locked by the caller). If rev is
omitted, -u retrieves the latest revision locked by the
caller; if no such lock exists, it retrieves the latest
revision on the default branch.

-f[rev] forces the overwriting of the working file; useful in
connection with -q. See also the section on file modes
below.

-p[rev] prints the retrieved revision on the standard output
rather than storing it in the working file. This option
is useful when co is part of a pipe.

-q[rev] quiet mode; diagnostics are not printed.

-ddate retrieves the latest revision on the selected branch
whose checkin date/time is less than or equal to date.
The date and time may be given in free format and are
converted to local time. Examples of formats for date:

22-April-1982, 17:20-CDT,
2:25 AM, Dec. 29, 1983,
Tue-PDT, 1981, 4pm Jul 21 (free format),
Fri, April 16 15:52:25 EST 1982 (output of ctime).

Most fields in the date and time may be defaulted. Co
determines the defaults in the order year, month, day,
hour, minute, and second (most to least significant). At
least one of these fields must be provided. For omitted
fields that are of higher significance than the highest
provided field, the current values are assumed. For all
other omitted fields, the lowest possible values are
assumed. For example, the date "20, 10:30" defaults to
10:30:00 of the 20th of the current month and current
year. The date/time must be quoted if it contains
spaces.

-sstate retrieves the latest revision on the selected branch
whose state is set to state.

-w[login] retrieves the latest revision on the selected branch
which was checked in by the user with login name login.
If the argument login is omitted, the caller’s login is
assumed.

-jjoinlist generates a new revision which is the join of the
revisions on joinlist. Joinlist is a comma-separated
list of pairs of the form rev2:rev3, where rev2 and rev3
are (symbolic or numeric) revision numbers. For the
initial such pair, rev1 denotes the revision selected by
the above options -r, ..., -w. For all other pairs, rev1
denotes the revision generated by the previous pair.
(Thus, the output of one join becomes the input to the
next.)

For each pair, co joins revisions rev1 and rev3 with
respect to rev2. This means that all changes that
transform rev2 into rev1 are applied to a copy of rev3.
This is particularly useful if rev1 and rev3 are the
ends of two branches that have rev2 as a common
ancestor. If rev1 < rev2 < rev3 on the same branch,
joining generates a new revision which is like rev3, but
with all changes that lead from rev1 to rev2 undone. If
changes from rev2 to rev1 overlap with changes from rev2
to rev3, co prints a warning and includes the
overlapping sections, delimited by the lines
<<<<<<< rev1, =======, and >>>>>>> rev3.

For the initial pair, rev2 may be omitted. The default
is the common ancestor. If any of the arguments
indicate branches, the latest revisions on those
branches are assumed. The options -l and -u lock or
unlock rev1.

KEYWORD SUBSTITUTION
Strings of the form $keyword$ and $keyword:...$ embedded in the
text are replaced with strings of the form $keyword: value $, where
keyword and value are pairs listed below. Keywords may be embedded
in literal strings or comments to identify a revision.

Initially, the user enters strings of the form $keyword$. On
checkout, co replaces these strings with strings of the form
$keyword: value $. If a revision containing strings of the latter
form is checked back in, the value fields will be replaced during
the next checkout. Thus, the keyword values are automatically
updated on checkout.

Keywords and their corresponding values:

$Author$ The login name of the user who checked in the
revision.

$Date$ The date and time the revision was checked in.

$Header$ A standard header containing the full pathname of the
RCS file, the revision number, the date, the author,
the state, and the locker (if locked).

$Id$ Same as $Header$, except that the RCS file name is
without a path.

$Locker$ The login name of the user who locked the revision
(empty if not locked).

$Log$ The log message supplied during checkin, preceded by a
header containing the RCS file name, the revision
number, the author, and the date. Existing log
messages are NOT replaced. Instead, the new log
message is inserted after $Log:...$. This is useful
for accumulating a complete change log in a source
file.

$RCSfile$ The name of the RCS file without path.

$Revision$ The revision number assigned to the revision.

$Source$ The full pathname of the RCS file.

$State$ The state assigned to the revision with the -s option
of rcs(1) or ci(1).

Pairs of RCS files and working files may be specified in 3 ways
(see also the example section).

1) Both the RCS file and the working file are given. The RCS file
name is of the form path1/workfile,v and the working file name is
of the form path2/workfile, where path1/ and path2/ are (possibly
different or empty) paths and workfile is a file name.

2) Only the RCS file is given. Then the working file is created in
the current directory and its name is derived from the name of the
RCS file by removing path1/ and the suffix ,v.

3) Only the working file is given. Then co looks for an RCS file
of the form path2/RCS/workfile,v or path2/workfile,v (in this
order).

If the RCS file is specified without a path in 1) and 2), then co
looks for the RCS file first in the directory ./RCS and then in the
current directory.

EXAMPLES
Suppose the current directory contains a subdirectory ‘RCS’ with an
RCS file ‘io.c,v’. Then all of the following commands retrieve the
latest revision from ‘RCS/io.c,v’ and store it into ‘io.c’.

co io.c; co RCS/io.c,v; co io.c,v;
co io.c RCS/io.c,v; co io.c io.c,v;
co RCS/io.c,v io.c; co io.c,v io.c;

FILE MODES
The working file inherits the read and execute permissions from the
RCS file. In addition, the owner write permission is turned on,
unless the file is checked out unlocked and locking is set to
strict (see rcs(1)).

If a file with the name of the working file exists already and has
write permission, co aborts the checkout if -q is given, or asks
whether to abort if -q is not given. If the existing working file
is not writable or -f is given, the working file is deleted without
asking.

FILES
The caller of the command must have write permission in the working
directory, read permission for the RCS file, and either read
permission (for reading) or read/write permission (for locking) in
the directory which contains the RCS file.

A number of temporary files are created. A semaphore file is
created in the directory of the RCS file to prevent simultaneous
update.

DIAGNOSTICS
The RCS file name, the working file name, and the revision number
retrieved are written to the diagnostic output. The exit status
always refers to the last file checked out, and is 0 if the
operation was successful, 1 otherwise.

IDENTIFICATION
Author: Walter F. Tichy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN,
47907.
Revision Number: 1.2 ; Release Date: 91/08/20 .
Copyright (c) 1982, 1988, 1989 by Walter F. Tichy.

SEE ALSO
ci(1), ident(1), rcs(1), rcsdiff(1), rcsintro(1), rcsmerge(1),
rlog(1), rcsfile(5)
Walter F. Tichy, "Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of a
Revision Control System," in Proceedings of the 6th International
Conference on Software Engineering, IEEE, Tokyo, Sept. 1982.

LIMITATIONS
The option -d gets confused in some circumstances, and accepts no
date before 1970. Links to the RCS and working files are not
preserved. There is no way to suppress the expansion of keywords,
except by writing them differently. In nroff and troff, this is
done by embedding the null-character ‘’ into the keyword.

BUGS
The option -j does not work for files that contain lines with a
single ‘.’.